-
1 arid soils
aridisol; aridisuelos; suelos áridos -
2 arid soils
aridisol; sols arides -
3 arid soils
aride Böden; Aridisol; trockene Böden -
4 arid
-
5 arid
-
6 arid
-
7 Agriculture
Historically, Portugal's agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. Agricultural inefficiency is a consequence of Portugal's topography and climate, which varies considerably from north to south and has influenced farm size and farming methods. There are three major agricultural zones: the north, center, and south. The north (the area between the Douro and Minho Rivers, including the district of Trás-os-Montes) is mountainous with a wet (180-249 cm of rainfall/year), moderately cool climate. It contains about 2 million hectares of cultivated land excessively fragmented into tiny (3-5 hectares) family-owned farms, or minifúndios, a consequence of ancient settlement patterns, a strong attachment to the land, and the tradition of subdividing land equally among family members. The farms in the north produce the potatoes and kale that are used to make caldo verde soup, a staple of the Portuguese diet, and the grapes that are used to make vinho verde (green wine), a light sparkling white wine said to aid the digestion of oily and greasy food. Northern farms are too small to benefit from mechanization and their owners too poor to invest in irrigation, chemical fertilizers, or better seeds; hence, agriculture in the north has remained labor intensive, despite efforts to regroup minifúndios to increase farm size and efficiency.The center (roughly between the Douro and the Tagus River) is bisected by the Mondego River, the land to either side of which is some of the most fertile in Portugal and produces irrigated rice, corn, grapes, and forest goods on medium-sized (about 100 hectares) farms under a mixture of owner-cultivation and sharecropping. Portugal's center contains the Estrela Mountains, where sheep raising is common and wool, milk, and cheese are produced, especially mountain cheese ( Queijo da Serra), similar to French brie. In the valley of the Dão River, a full-bodied, fruity wine much like Burgundy is produced. In the southern part of the center, where the climate is dry and soils are poor, stock raising mixes with cereal crop cultivation. In Estremadura, the area north of Lisbon, better soils and even rainfall support intensive agriculture. The small farms of this area produce lemons, strawberries, pears, quinces, peaches, and vegetables. Estremadura also produces red wine at Colares and white wine at Buçelas.The south (Alentejo and Algarve) is a vast rolling plain with a hot arid climate. It contains about 2.6 million hectares of arable land and produces the bulk of Portugal's wheat and barley. It also produces one of Portugal's chief exports, cork, which is made from bark cut from cork oaks at nine-year intervals. There are vast groves of olive trees around the towns of Elvas, Serpa, and Estremoz that provide Portugal's olives. The warm climate of the Algarve (the most southern region of Portugal) is favorable for the growing of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and carobs. Almonds are also produced. Farms in the south, except for the Algarve, are large estates (typically 1,000 hectares or more in size) known as latifúndios, worked by a landless, wage-earning rural work force. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, these large estates were taken over by the state and turned into collective farms. During the 1990s, as the radicalism of the Revolution moderated, collectivized agriculture was seen as counterproductive, and the nationalized estates were gradually returned to their original owners in exchange for cash payments or small parcels of land for the collective farm workers.Portugal adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) when it joined the European Union (EU) in 1986. The CAP, which is based on the principles of common pricing, EU preferences, and joint financing, has shifted much of Portugal's agricultural decision making to the EU. Under the CAP, cereals and dairy products have experienced declines in prices because these are in chronic surplus within the EU. Alentejo wheat production has become unprofitable because of poor soils. However, rice, tomatoes, sunflower, and safflower seed and potatoes, as well as Portuguese wines, have competed well under the CAP system. -
8 soil
1. почва; грунт; земля 2. тип почвы 3. почвенный слой, нанос 4. реголит 5. дно (озера)
ABC soil почва ABC (почва с горизонтами А, В и С)
acid soil кислая почва
adobe soil наносно-глинистая почва
alkaline soil щелочная почва
alluvial soil аллювиальная [наносная, пойменная] почва
Alpine Meadow soil почва альпийских лугов (интразональная гидроморфная группа почв)
ando soil андосол (почва из вулканического материала)
aqueous soil водонасыщенная почва
arid soil почва, сформированная в условиях аридного климата
azonal soil азональная почва
ВС soil почва ВС (почва с горизонтами В и С)
bench mark soil эталонная проба почвы
black soil чёрная почва
black cotton soil чёрная хлопковая почва
Bog soil болотная почва (интразональная гидроморфная группа почв)
bottom soil подпочва
Brown Forest soil бурая лесная почва, бурозём (интразональная группа почв)
Brown Mediterranean soil бурая средиземноморская почва (тип почв, аналогичных краснозёмам средиземноморского типа)
buried soil погребённая почва; палеопочва
calcareous soil известковая почва
cellular soil полигональная почва
chalky soil известняковая почва
Chestnut soil каштановая почва (группа зональных почв)
clay soil глинистая почва
cohesionless soil несвязный грунт
cohesive soil связный грунт
colluvial soil коллювиальная почва
consolidated soil уплотнившаяся почва
crumbling soil комковатая почва
cumulose soil почва, состоящая из накопленного in situ разложившегося растительного минерала (напр. торф)
deep soil глубокий почвенный слой
Desert soils почвы пустыни (группа зональных почв)
disturbed soil почва с нарушенной структурой
drift soil наносная почва
ectodynamorphic soil эктодинаморфная почва
endodynamorphic soil эндодинаморфная почва
eolian soil почва, сформированная на эоловых отложениях, лёсс
erratic soil наносная почва
ferral(l)itic soil ферра(л)литовая почва
ferretto-type soil почва типа феррето
ferruginous lateritic soil железисто-латеритная почва
fibrous loam soil слоистая суглинистая почва
fine soil мелкокомковатая почва, мелкозём
flinty soil кремнистая почва
fossil soil ископаемая почва, палеопочва
foundation soil грунт основания
friction soil фрикционный грунт
frost soil 1. мёрзлая почва; мёрзлый грунт 2. почва, подверженная периодическому замерзанию и оттаиванию
fuscous soil почва тёмного цвета
gilgai soil гильгайная почва; структурный грунт гильгай (Австралия)
gley soil глеевая почва
granitic soil почва, сформированная на гранитоидах
granular soil зернистая почва
gravelly soil гравийная почва
Half-Bog soil полуболотная почва (интразональная гидроморфная группа почв)
Humic Gley soil перегнойно-глеевая почва (интразональная гидроморфная группа почв)
hungry soil истощённая [неплодородная] почва
hydromica soil гидрослюдяная почва
hydromorphic soil гидроморфная почва
ill-balanced soil почва с нарушенной поглотительной способностью
immature soil слаборазвитая [незрелая] почва
incipient soil зарождающаяся почва
interzonal soil межзональная почва
intrazonal soil интразональная почва
lacustrine-clay soil глинисто-озёрная почва
large-scale patterned soil крупнообломочная структурная почва
lateritic soil латеритная почва
lava soil почва, сформированная на вулканогенных отложениях; почва на лавах
light-textured soil лёгкая почва
limy soil известковая почва
loam soil глинистая почва, суглинок
lobate soil грунт ступенчатой формы
loess(ial) soil лёссовая почва; лёссовый грунт
lumpy soil крупнокомковатая почва
lunar soil реголит
marl soil мергелевая почва
mature soil зрелая [развитая] почва
mottled reddish soil пятнисто-красноватая почва
muck soil гумусовая [перегнойная] почва
natural soil естественная [неокультуренная] почва
Noncalcic Brown soil бурая бескарбонатная почва (группа зональных почв)
nonsaline alkali soil незасолонённая щелочная почва
normal soil зональная почва
old soil древняя почва
organic soil органогенная почва
overplaced soil наложенная почва
paddy soil рисовая почва, почва рисовых полей
patterned soil структурная почва
peat(y) soil торфяная почва
pervious soil проницаемая почва
podzolic soil подзолистая почва, подзол
Prairie soil почва прерий (группа зональных почв)
pseudogley soil псевдоглеевая почва
puddled soil уплотнённая почва
puddly soil илистая почва
red soil латерит, латеритизированная порода, поверхностная корка боксита
Red Desert soil красноватая почва кустарниковой пустыни (группа зональных почв)
Reddish-Brown soil красновато-бурая почва (группа зональных почв)
Reddish-Brown Lateritic soil красновато бурая латеритная почва (группа зональных латеритных почв)
Reddish Chestnut soil красновато-каштановая почва (группа зональных почв)
Reddish Prairie soil красновато чёрная почва прерий (группа зональных почв)
Red Mediterranean soil красная средиземноморская почва (тип почвы с горизонтами А, В и С)
Red Podzolic soil красная оподзоленная почва (группа зональных почв)
Red-Yellow Podzolic soil красно-жёлтая оподзоленная почва (группа кислых зональных почв)
regur soil чёрная хлопковая почва
residual soil остаточная почва
rich soil плодородная почва
rocky soil скалистый грунт
saline soil засоленная почва, солончак
salt-affected soil вторично засоленная почва
sandy soil песчаная почва
sedentary soil почвоэлювий, остаточная почва
semiboggy soil полуболотная почва
shallow soil маломощная почва
shot soil почва, содержащая мелкие конкреции
shrinkable soil сжимаемый грунт
silt soil пылеватая почва
silt-loam soil пылевато-глинистая почва
silty soil илистая почва
skeleton soil скелетная почва
skeletonless soil бесскелетная почва
sodic soil солонцовая почва, солонец
soft — мягкая почва, мягкая подошва, нанос
Solonchak soil засоленная почва, солончак (интразональная голоморфная группа почв)
Solonetz soil солонцеватая почва (интразональная группа почв)
Soloth soil осолоделая почва, солодь (интразональная голоморфная группа почв)
spewy soil болотистая почва
stabilized soil закреплённый грунт
stiff soil грубая почва
stony soil каменистая почва
stratified soil слоистый грунт
structure soil структурная почва
surface soil верхний слой почвы
sweet soil некислая почва
tabet soil оттаявший грунт на площади распространения мерзлоты
tight soil непроницаемая почва
top soil верхний слой почвы
transitional soil почва переходного типа
transported soil наносная почва
tundra soil тундровая почва
vegetable soil дёрн; гумусовый горизонт; растительная земля; перегной
waste gravel soil грунт с наносом гравия
water-bearing soil водоносная почва; водонасыщенный грунт
white alkali soil белая щелочная почва
yellow soil жёлтая почва, желтозём
Yellow Podzolic soil жёлтая подзолистая почва (зональная группа почв)
zonal soil зональная почва
* * *• 1) почва; 2) грунт• наносы -
9 desert
* -
10 desert
* -
11 desert
*
См. также в других словарях:
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